{"id":2211,"date":"2017-11-03T12:15:17","date_gmt":"2017-11-03T16:15:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/artsci.case.edu\/magazine\/?p=2211"},"modified":"2017-11-06T21:17:10","modified_gmt":"2017-11-07T02:17:10","slug":"earth-forms-and-fossils","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/artsci.case.edu\/magazine\/2017\/earth-forms-and-fossils\/","title":{"rendered":"Earth Forms and Fossils"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"

Associate Professor Beverly Saylor has been a faculty member in the Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences since 1998. Photo by Mike Sands.<\/p><\/div>\n

Case Western Reserve geologist Beverly Saylor<\/strong> has spent much of her career in places that are, shall we say, less than hospitable. Death Valley and the Namibian desert, for example. Still, in 2005, when Saylor arrived at the Woranso-Mille fossil research site in northeastern Ethiopia, she was struck by its extreme desolation. \u201cIt\u2019s very, very, very hot, and barren,\u201d she recalls. \u201cThey had been in a drought for a while and the animals were starving. The goats climbed up in the trees to get enough to eat, but they were just bare bones, dying.\u201d<\/p>\n

Saylor had traveled to this stark region to do something she had never done before: participate in a fossil dig. She had joined a roughly 20-person team led by Yohannes Haile-Selassie<\/strong>, curator and head of physical anthropology at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History (CMNH) and adjunct professor in the anthropology, biology and anatomy departments at Case Western Reserve. This was the team\u2019s first season of fieldwork in Woranso-Mille. The site is located in a river valley known for large animal fossils, not far from where the famous Lucy skeleton was discovered in the early 1970s. But what secrets it might hold about human evolution were unstudied and unknown.<\/p>\n

Saylor has returned to Woranso-Mille almost every year since that initial visit. She spends up to two weeks at a time on site, often working from early morning to late afternoon without a break. The extraordinary effort has paid off. Saylor has provided key geological insights that have helped rewrite our understanding of humans\u2019 ancestors, and her collaboration with Haile-Selassie has taken her career in directions she never anticipated\u2014leading her, for example, to take part in a separate project that could transform scientists\u2019 view of the prehistoric Amazon basin.<\/p>\n

Dreaming about Rocks<\/h3>\n

Saylor was born in Texas and grew up mostly in Worcester, Mass. For college she headed to MIT, where, during her senior year, she took a geology field course out west. \u201cI would dream about the rocks at night,\u201d she says. \u201cThat\u2019s when I fell in love and realized I wanted to be a geologist.\u201d<\/p>\n

She stayed at MIT to complete her master\u2019s and doctoral degrees. After a two-year stint as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, she joined Case Western Reserve\u2019s\u00a0Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences in 1998. At the time, she focused on teasing out clues to the Earth\u2019s past from ancient rock layers. In Namibia, for example, she used marine rocks dating back 540 million years to help nail down the date when the planet flipped from an ice-encased, biologically depleted \u201cSnowball Earth\u201d to one warm enough to produce an explosion of biodiversity.<\/p>\n

She wasn\u2019t looking to get into fossil hunting, but in 2004, Haile-Selassie came calling. \u201cHe literally showed up at my door,\u201d Saylor says. \u201cWe had not met.\u201d Still, she didn\u2019t have to think too hard about his offer: \u201cIt sounded like a lot of fun.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"

Beverly Saylor (left) takes notes about younger conglomerate (gravelly sedimentary rock) that lies on top of fossil-rich exposed rock. She is accompanied by Joshua Angelini (CWR \u201907, GRS \u201909), who did fieldwork in Ethiopia while pursuing his master\u2019s degree. Photo by Elizabeth Russell\/Cleveland Museum of Natural History.<\/p><\/div>\n

The Ethiopian-born Haile-Selassie had already established himself as one of the world\u2019s top paleoanthropologists. At CMNH, he occupies the post previously held by Donald Johanson, who in 1974 unearthed the 3.2-million-year-old Lucy and showed that bipedal human ancestors had lived far longer ago than anyone had thought. But before coming to CMNH, Haile-Selassie had worked only on other people\u2019s teams. \u201cI\u2019d always wanted my own study area,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

The Afar region of Ethiopia, which includes Woranso-Mille, had already yielded abundant fossils of early human ancestors. A brief scouting trip in 2002 convinced Haile-Selassie that Woranso-Mille itself might hold a trove of such fossils. In 2004, he secured the Ethiopian government\u2019s permission to explore the site.<\/p>\n

Bringing different forms of expertise to the project was essential. It is not enough for paleoanthropologists to dig up and study bones and teeth. They need ecologists to reconstruct the ancient ecosystems, and geologists to tell them what the physical environment was like\u2014and, crucially, when and where the fossils were buried.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>That\u2019s because rocks form the Earth\u2019s datebook. The pages are the layers of lava, ash and sediments that have been deposited on top of each other over billions of years. Fossils preserved in the lower, older depths of these deposits remain hidden until other geological processes uplift the stratified layers and re-erode them. \u201cIt\u2019s like the fossil\u2019s in a cake,\u201d says Saylor, \u201cand you cut the cake out to see the fossil.\u201d<\/p>\n

Sedimentologists and stratigraphers such as Saylor puzzle out the processes that deposited ancient rock layers. It\u2019s a tall order; the Earth\u2019s surface heaves and sinks over time, crumpling the layers and making them difficult to read. But various other geological specialists step in to help make sense of it all. For example, paleomagnetism experts determine the age of rocks by examining the orientation of minerals containing magnetic elements such as iron (the Earth\u2019s magnetic field has flipped back and forth many times over the eons). Geochronologists gather clues from atoms that decay radioactively at a fixed rate.<\/p>\n

Field Seasons<\/h3>\n
\"\"

This rock from the Woranso-Mille site in Ethiopia contains gastropods, or snail fossils. Such specimens are of interest to scientists because they may indicate the presence of freshwater ecosystems. Photo by Elizabeth Russell\/Cleveland Museum of Natural History.<\/p><\/div>\n

When Saylor and fellow geologists from other universities flew to Addis Ababa for the first time in 2005, they met Haile-Selassie\u2019s team of American, European and Ethiopian fossil finders. They drove in a convoy to the research site, a roughly 30-kilometer-by-30-kilometer patch named for its position between the Woranso and Mille rivers. (In future years Saylor would arrive later in the field season and fly to the site in a bush plane that would land on a dirt runway.) \u201cIt was kind of like being dropped onto Mars,\u201d Saylor recalls of her first visit. \u201cIt\u2019s really unusual in this day and age to come to an area that hasn\u2019t been geologically mapped before, where there isn\u2019t any information about how old it is or what\u2019s there or how it\u2019s related to nearby areas.\u201d<\/p>\n

While the paleontologists were scouring small areas of soil for bones and teeth, Saylor and the other geologists on the team fanned out over the site, looking for rocks they could use to reveal the past. \u201cPaleontologists walk around in small circles; geologists walk around in big circles,\u201d Saylor jokes. \u201cThe assistant who has to go with the geologists is the most unhappy because we walk further.\u201d And because the geologists are typically on site for only a fraction of the study period\u2014perhaps two weeks out of two months\u2014they put in long hours, often skipping lunch.<\/p>\n

\"\"

The hills of ash and pumice in the foreground are tuffs, some of which erupted from a volcano visible in the distance, and others from volcanoes 1,000 kilometers away. These tuffs help researchers determine the age of fossils, both in absolute time and relative to specimens from anthropological field areas. Photo by Elizabeth Russell\/Cleveland Museum of Natural History.<\/p><\/div>\n

Among the rock layers, Saylor identified many volcanic \u201ctuffs,\u201d composed of consolidated ash and a lightweight rock called pumice. These formations contain their own internal clock: potassium-40, a radioactive isotope that converts to argon at a steady rate. Once the geochronologists on the team measured the ratio of argon to potassium-40 in the tuffs, it was possible to determine a minimum age for the fossils buried beneath them.<\/p>\n

Saylor \u201cis incredibly thorough, in being willing to come back over and over again to different outcrops,\u201d says Naomi Levin, a geologist and geochemist at the University of Michigan who is also on the research team. \u201cIt takes a tremendous amount of vision to understand how to translate direct observations of sediments into interpretations of where the main features of the landscapes were.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBeverly is really dedicated to what she does,\u201d Haile-Selassie says. \u201cShe always makes sure that she uses her days in the field productively. She doesn\u2019t want to leave anything behind.\u201d<\/p>\n

Despite their intense focus, Saylor and her colleagues do get some downtime to interact with locals. \u201cPeople come down from the highlands. We have cooks, we have people who make the cars work, we have people who are very good fossil finders. When we eat dinner at night, we have a white tablecloth, and we get served salads and soups and various kinds of pasta, and goat on some nights,\u201d she recounts. \u201cIt\u2019s really pretty lovely.\u201d<\/p>\n

As with most new excavations, the first year of the Woranso-Mille project didn\u2019t immediately yield big revelations. But things picked up in 2005, when the researchers recovered a partial skeleton of an early human ancestor. In 2010, they reported the find in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences <\/em>and assigned it to Australopithecus afarensis<\/em>, the same species as Lucy. The partial skeleton was preserved in rock layers that are around 3.58 million years old.<\/p>\n

A second major find, in 2009, consisted of several 3.4-million-year-old partial foot fossils. They came from the same area and time period as those of A. afarensis. <\/em>But when Haile-Selassie and his colleagues reported what they called the \u201cBertele foot\u201d in Nature <\/em>in 2012, they argued that it belonged to a different species. Unlike those of Lucy and her relatives, this foot had an opposable toe more suited for tree climbing than for walking and running.<\/p>\n

The conventional wisdom had been that only one hominin, or human ancestor, inhabited a given place at a given time, and that the various species appeared in succession, as in the common but misleading parade of walking primates showing the supposedly linear and inevitable progress of evolution from monkey to man. Now paleoanthropologists and paleoecologists had to explain how at least two pre-human species might have shared resources and gotten along in one place at one time. The geologists had to figure out why such a find had occurred in Woranso-Mille and not elsewhere.<\/p>\n

\"\"

From left: Saylor reviews field notes with fellow geologist Mulugeta Alene Araya, an associate professor at Addis Ababa University\u2019s College of Natural Sciences. Photo by Elizabeth Russell\/Cleveland Museum of Natural History.<\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cThe big question we\u2019re grappling with is, what\u2019s going on? Why do we have multiple species?\u201d Saylor says. \u201cIs there something special about this area where we\u2019re finding these different fossils? That takes very careful study of all these geological questions.\u201d<\/p>\n

In 2015, the team dropped another bombshell. They reported that 3.3-to-3.5-million-year-old jawbones, found near the Bertele foot but in different rock layers, belonged to a previously unknown species. They named the species Australopithecus deyiremeda <\/em>(deyiremeda<\/em> means \u201cclose relative\u201d in the Afar language). The New York Times<\/em> hailed the discovery: \u201cThe Human Family Tree Bristles With New Branches<\/a>.\u201d But not everyone agreed. Some believed the jaws could be from A.<\/em> afarensis<\/em> individuals with features slightly different from those of previously identified skeletons. Haile-Selassie and his colleagues, however, remain convinced that A. deyiremeda <\/em>is a distinct species; they are now analyzing more recent finds that they think will bolster their case.<\/p>\n

Shifts in Altitude<\/h3>\n

Buoyed by their success thus far, members of the research team plan to continue working at Woranso-Mille for the foreseeable future. Meanwhile, Saylor\u2019s fossil research has also led to other opportunities, one of which has made her one of the few people who have gotten to Bolivia by way of Ethiopia.<\/p>\n

In 2012, Case Western Reserve paleontologist Darin Croft, a <\/strong>professor in the School of Medicine\u2019s Department of Anatomy with a secondary appointment in the Department of Biology, asked her to join a team he was putting together to study Quebrada Honda, a site in the southern Bolivian highlands. It was a fortuitous request, because Saylor soon roped in two other specialists from the Woranso-Mille project.<\/p>\n

Although it is a fossil site, Quebrada Honda differs from Woranso-Mille in just about every other way. Neither flat nor relatively low-lying, it\u2019s nestled among steep slopes around 11,500 feet above sea level. Intense seasonal rains make it unreachable for part of the year, and during the dry season, when Croft\u2019s team works, nighttime temperatures can dip below freezing. The fossils are much older\u2014between 12 and 13 million years old, long before humanlike forms appeared in Africa, much less reached the Americas.<\/p>\n

The researchers\u2019 goal is to understand why the fossilized mammals found at Quebrada Honda are so different from those discovered at other, equally old South American sites. Quebrada Honda\u2019s high elevation does not explain the differences, Croft says. The researchers have unearthed the bones of tortoises that could not have survived more than a few thousand feet above sea level; thus, the region must have been much lower in the past. Such discoveries also play into a larger conversation about how the modern-day Andes Mountains and Amazon basin formed. Saylor\u2019s job is to place the researchers\u2019 fossil finds and analyses in a consistent context. \u201cBeverly is really the glue that holds a lot of these studies together,\u201d Croft says.<\/p>\n

\"\"

Saylor (taking notes) and Angelini measure ancient buried soil above a volcanic tuff. Photo by Elizabeth Russell\/Cleveland Museum of Natural History.<\/p><\/div>\n

Saylor admits that her geological research will never inspire the kinds of headlines that fossil finds do. But that doesn\u2019t make her any less excited about the insights she\u2019s generating. She has developed a detailed understanding of how Woranso-Mille\u2019s mishmash of volcanic tuffs and basalts came into being. In Bolivia, she\u2019s excited about new techniques to determine the past elevations of rocks based on the isotopes they contain.<\/p>\n

\u201cI think the most fascinating questions in the geological work we\u2019re doing are the context questions,\u201d Saylor says. \u201cWhat was the paleohabitat\u2014the niche that ancient animals and human ancestors lived in? The creativity goes into answering these hard questions from a long time ago with sparse evidence. That\u2019s really the heart of it all.\u201d<\/p>\n

Gabriel Popkin is a freelance writer in Mount Rainier, Md. <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Case Western Reserve geologist Beverly Saylor<\/strong> has spent much of her career in places that are, shall we say, less than hospitable. Death Valley and the Namibian desert, for example. …Read more.<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":97,"featured_media":2294,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":""},"categories":[47],"tags":[],"acf":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/artscimedia.case.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/147\/2017\/11\/06211658\/saylor_portrait_1714r2_thumbnail.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/artsci.case.edu\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2211"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/artsci.case.edu\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/artsci.case.edu\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/artsci.case.edu\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/97"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/artsci.case.edu\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2211"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/artsci.case.edu\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2211\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2293,"href":"https:\/\/artsci.case.edu\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2211\/revisions\/2293"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/artsci.case.edu\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2294"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/artsci.case.edu\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2211"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/artsci.case.edu\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2211"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/artsci.case.edu\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2211"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}